Multa maior do que o valor do contrato é abusiva?
Um contrato completo possui cláusulas que informam aos contratantes que, não havendo cumprimento das obrigações, haverá consequências monetárias. As cláusulas contratuais que tratam das penalidades são muito importantes. A mais comum delas é a multa.
A multa contratual, ou cláusula penal, é uma obrigação estabelecida entre as partes envolvidas em uma relação contratual. Assim, seu objetivo é proporcionar segurança jurídica aos contratantes, prevendo as consequências econômicas resultantes de eventual descumprimento do contrato. Ressalta-se que a cláusula penal é aplicada nos casos expressamente previstos no contrato, com um valor estabelecido previamente.
Certo é que o contrato tem força de lei entre as partes, sendo manifestação da autonomia, de acordo de vontades. Contudo, há princípios a serem observados e normas bases que devem constar no contrato. A liberdade contratual não é absoluta. Caso uma das partes não cumpra o combinado, o valor da multa contratual não pode exceder o valor total do contrato. No Brasil, o Código Civil estabelece, em seu artigo 412, o seguinte:
Art. 412. O valor da cominação imposta na cláusula penal não pode exceder o da obrigação principal.
Vale leitura também do artigo 413:
Art. 413. A penalidade deve ser reduzida equitativamente pelo juiz se a obrigação principal tiver sido cumprida em parte, ou se o montante da penalidade for manifestamente excessivo, tendo-se em vista a natureza e a finalidade do negócio.
Entende-se assim que uma multa maior do que o valor do contrato deve sim ser considerada abusiva. Apesar de não haver uma limitação expressa em números, o legislador deixa claramente estabelecido que deve haver limites. O Poder Judiciário pode ainda analisar a excessividade da penalidade, ainda que inferior ao valor total do contrato.
Portanto, conclui-se que é preciso razoabilidade e proporcionalidade no estabelecimento de multas contratuais, que devem se traduzir em segurança para as contratantes, buscando evitar o inadimplemento e litígios judiciais. Para confecção dos mais diversos tipos de contrato, tenha ao seu lado pessoa profissional, uma advogada ou advogado que se atente aos detalhes e melhor adequação das cláusulas ao interesse das partes.
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